Petroleum and natural gas industries — Specific requirements for offshore structures —Part 10: Marine geophysical investigations

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Petroleum and natural gas industries — Specific requirements for offshore structures —Part 10: Marine geophysical investigations是国际标准化组织(International Organization for Standardization，简称ISO)于2021-03发布的ISO标准，适用于国际，世界范围。

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Petroleum and natural gas industries — Specific  requirements for offshore structures — Part 10: Marine geophysical investigations 

1 Scope 

This document provides requirements and guidelines for marine geophysical investigations. It is applicable to operators/end users, contractors and public and regulatory authorities concerned with marine site investigations for offshore structures for petroleum and natural gas industries. This document provides requirements, specifications, and guidance for: 

a) objectives, planning, and quality management; 

b) positioning; 

c) seafloor mapping, including instrumentation and acquisition parameters, acquisition methods, and deliverables; 

d) sub-seafloor mapping, including seismic instrumentation and acquisition parameters, and non- seismic-reflection methods; 

e) reporting; 

f) data integration, interpretation, and investigation of geohazards. This document is applicable to investigation of the seafloor and the sub-seafloor, from shallow coastal waters to water depths of 3 000 m and more. It provides guidance for the integration of the results from marine soil investigations and marine geophysical investigations with other relevant datasets. 

NOTE 1 

The depth of interest for sub-seafloor mapping depends on the objectives of the investigation. For offshore construction, the depths of investigation are typically in the range 1 m below seafloor to 200 m below seafloor. Some methods for sub-seafloor mapping can also achieve much greater investigation depths, for example for assessing geohazards for hydrocarbon well drilling. There is a fundamental difference between seafloor mapping and sub-seafloor mapping: seafloor signal resolution can be specified, while sub-seafloor signal resolution and penetration cannot. This document therefore contains requirements for the use of certain techniques for certain types of seafloor mapping and sub-seafloor mapping (similarly, requirements are given for certain aspects of data processing). If other techniques can be shown to obtain the same information, with the same or better resolution and accuracy, then those techniques may be used. Mapping of pre-drilling well-site geohazards beneath the seafloor is part of the scope of this document. 

NOTE 2 

This implies depths of investigation that are typically 200 m below the first pressure-containment casing string or 1 000 m below the seafloor, whichever is greatest. Mapping of pre-drilling well-site geohazards is therefore the deepest type of investigation covered by this document. In this document, positioning information relates only to the positioning of survey platforms, sources and receivers.

 The processes used to determine positions of seafloor and sub-seafloor data points are not covered in this document. Guidance only is given in this document for the use of marine shear waves (A.8.3.3), marine surface waves (A.8.3.4), electrical resistivity imaging (A.8.3.5) and electromagnetic imaging (A.8.3.6). 

2 Normative references 

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 19901-8, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Specific requirements for offshore structures — Part 8: Marine soil investigations 

3  Terms and definitions 

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: 

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp 

— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/ 

3.1 abyssal water water depths greater than 3 000 m 

3.2 acoustic impedance seismic velocity multiplied by density 

Note 1 

to entry: Compressional-wave impedance uses compressional-wave velocity, and shear-wave impedance uses shear-wave velocity. 

3.3 acoustic noise unwanted acoustic signal 

3.4 active tail buoy buoy fitted with a global navigation satellite system transponder attached to the end of a streamer 

3.5 airgun seismic source that injects a bubble of highly compressed air into the water Note 1 to entry: Whereas single airguns can be used, it is common practise to deploy and fire several airguns in arrays to produce an acoustic pulse that has certain temporal and spatial characteristics. 

3.6 aliasing effect that causes signals to be misrepresented in recorded data as a result of undersampling Note 1 to entry: Undersampling can be in time or spatial domain. 

3.7 anisotropy dependence of velocity on direction or upon angle of wave propagation 

3.8 array system of linked hydrophones or seismic sources arranged in a geometric pattern to increase sensitivity and/or directionality and/or in the case of a seismic source, the pulse characteristics 

3.9 attenuation reduction in amplitude or energy 

Note 1 

to entry: Attenuation in seismic data is related in part to soil conditions. 

3.10 attribute characteristic of a given object, structure or feature 

Note 1 

to entry: A seismic attribute is a quantity or property derived or extracted from seismic data that provides specific information contained within the data as an aid in interpretation. 

3.11 backscatter amplitude of echo sounder energy reflected by the seafloor that can be processed into information about seafloor features and texture 

3.12 bandwidth range of frequencies in an acoustic signal between the two half power points 

Note 1 to entry: This corresponds with the frequencies at which the power drops to half the peak power (3 dB). 

3.13 boomer seismic source that operates by the rapid movement of a restricted metal plate 

3.14 chirp type of sub-bottom profiler that emits a frequency-modulated pulse of acoustic energy over a specified range of frequencies 

3.15 common depth point CDP common reflection point at depth on a reflector, or the halfway point when a wave travels from a source to a reflector to a receiver 

Note 1 to entry: In the case of flat layers, the common depth point is vertically below the common mid-point. 

3.16 common mid-point CMP in multichannel seismic acquisition, the point on the surface halfway between the source and receiver that is shared by a number of source-receiver pairs 

Note 1 to entry: CMP gather refers to the set of traces that have a common mid-point. 

3.17 common reference point datum point on a vessel to which all positioning systems are referenced in three dimensions 

3.18 cone penetration test CPT CPTU in situ soil strength testing device that makes direct measurements of cone resistance, sleeve friction and pore pressure response as it is pushed into the sub-seafloor 

Note 1 to entry: See ISO 19901-8.

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